.jpg "How to Choose a Mattress")
Be it from tap water on a vacation, some dodgy chicken, or something the kids have brought home from school, we’ve almost all been flattened by an awful stomach bug at some point in our lives. For moderately healthy people, symptoms clear up after a day or two, but during that time it’s absolute hell.
So now imagine a world in which we could be saved the vast unpleasantries that come with contracting a stomach bug, be it from a pathogen in the Salmonella species or a norovirus. That might not be too far off, with scientists at the University of Florida making inroads into developing a vaccine for Salmonella infection, and at the same time Moderna is at Phase 3 trial stage with its jab for norovirus.
The researchers have made a breakthrough using small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) that are produced by macrophages infected with Salmonella typhimurium – a leading cause of gastroenteritis. Among their many important roles in maintaining human health on a microbiological level, macrophages, which are white blood cells critical to the immune system, seek out pathogens and then engulf and digest them.
The team also wanted to test this process using Florida wastewater, rather than lab-grown samples, to reflect a real-world approach. Some 120 strains of Salmonella were identified in the wastewater collected, identified through whole genome sequencing. Then, two strains were selected – S. enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE), a common trigger of food-poisoning, and the S. enterica subspecies diarizonae, which is behind more severe infections.
“By integrating wastewater-based epidemiology with vaccine development, we can identify relevant Salmonella strains in the community and test immune responses against them,” the researchers noted in the study. “Traditional vaccine development often focuses on laboratory strains, which fail to represent the genetic diversity of real-world infections. This study helps bridge that gap.”
So, macrophoages were infected with S. typhimurium to produce the sEVs, which were extracted and purified to become the rudimentary ‘vaccine’ that was then delivered to mice via their noses. The mice received three doses of this novel treatment. (It’s worth noting the mice were not infected with any Salmonella strains; the process was to test whether these macrophages could trigger an effective antibody response that would essentially ‘prime’ the immune system to be better prepared to fight a potential pathogenic invasion.)
What the scientists found was that when they analyzed the animals’ antibody production (IgG and SIgA) and tested blood samples against S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis, and S. diarizonae, they found that the sEV immune response was robust against all three strains even though the sEVs had come from macrophages that had only been infected with the one type, S. typhimurium.
“sEV-based immunization resulted in significant IgG and SIgA responses, key indicators of both systemic and mucosal immunity, which are critical for fighting enteric infections,” the scientists wrote. “The presence of antibody responses up to four weeks post-vaccination aligns with the establishment of a memory response, an essential feature of long-term protection.”
This demonstrated that the potential vaccine had broad-spectrum protection, being able to recognize foreign strains and wipe them out, even though the immune system had no experience fighting those two other specific bugs. The scientists believe these sEVs may have latent antigens (‘conserved’ antigens) that will switch on, which is a fascinating area of genetic evolution that we’re only just beginning to unravel.
Tyler Jones/University of Florida/IFAS
While this is an exciting result, it’s worth noting that it will still need to be studied on the animals, not just samples, to see how vaccinated mice would be able to fend off infection, compared to unvaccinated rodents. The researchers will also need to look at viral load in living animals, to see just how well their immune system could eradicate Salmonella bugs.
Ideally, a rapid immune response and a significant reduction in viral load would be a game-changer if replicated in a human model. While the vaccine wouldn’t shield someone against infection altogether, much like the COVID-19 jabs, it would dial down the body’s chaotic panic-mode immune response, so symptoms would be mild. Say, for example, just feeing a bit ‘off’ rather than violently ill. But unlike the COVID-19 vaccines, which were biologic, this one is free of live pathogens – it just has those nano-sized cell-free sEVs, which mean risk of adverse reactions or complications are greatly reduced.
“Unlike traditional live-attenuated vaccines, sEVs eliminate the risk of potential reversion to virulence, making them a safer alternative for immunization,” the researchers noted. “Further studies are needed to determine whether sEVs provide long-term protection and if they can be optimized for human use.”
Each year in the US, nearly 30,000 people are hospitalized as a result of Salmonella, and around 400 people die as a result, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Protection (CDC). Overall, an estimated 1.35 million infections occur annually. Despite much research, there is currently no human vaccine for these bugs; the two existing types largely for poultry also don’t work on the kind of infections that are usually responsible for food-borne illness. On top of this, the scientists identified antibiotic-resistant strains during their testing of the wastewater, which underpins the urgency to have new ways of fighting infections.
“Our research demonstrates that sEVs from infected macrophages can serve as a potent cell-free vaccine platform, generating robust antigen-specific immune responses,” the scientists concluded. “This study establishes a foundation for developing an sEV-based vaccine that could one day mitigate the global burden of non-typhoidal Salmonella infections.”
Meanwhile, Moderna has a novel norovirus vaccine – mRNA-1403 – currently at Phase 3 trial, and the results could be out as early as later this year. Like Salmonella, we’re yet to develop therapeutic intervention for the highly contagious virus that has hit the US hard this winter. While different, both are often symptomatically hard to tell apart. Noroviruses – which can be contracted through contaminated water and food, and passed on easily through avenues such as surface contact and food handling – can cause illness similar to a Salmonella infection.
Moderna’s vaccine candidate is now at potentially the final – and most critical – hurdle, with the research ahead of schedule due to public interest and the number of cases that the trial required to meet robust data requirements. As such, the study has recruited a massive 25,000 adults.
Like influenza, noroviruses have a lot of diversity, which has so far been the barrier to the development of an effective vaccine. Moderna’s candidate focuses on three virus genotypes that do the most harm in humans. The treatment doesn’t infect the recipient but, again, sends an instruction kit to the immune system to be able to respond to the real thing if presented with an infection.
However, this year’s norovirus outbreak in the US has a different genotype to the main offenders – but the company’s researchers are hopeful, given that while the vaccine candidate doesn’t target this specific virus, mRNA technology allows scientists to quickly and quite easily tweak the ‘recipe’ to account for those genetic changes.
Again, this vaccine – much like Moderna’s COVID-19 mRNA one – won’t protect against infection, but train up the immune system to quickly deal with the norovirus, resulting in milder symptoms and quicker recovery. This is particularly important for older people and other vulnerable individuals who are at higher risk of hospitalization from illness.
The CDC reports that around 900 Americans die as a result of their norovirus infection each year, with those aged 65 and older overrepresented in the fatalities.
The Salmonella vaccine study was published in the journal Infection and Immunity.
Source: University of Florida
ADVERTISEMENT:
Informasi mengenai KING SLOT, Segera Daftar Bersama king selot terbaik dan terpercaya no satu di Indonesia. Boleh mendaftar melalui sini king slot serta memberikan hasil kembali yang paling tinggi saat sekarang ini hanyalah KING SLOT paling gacor, gilak dan gaco saat sekarang di Indonesia melalui program return tinggi di kingselot serta pg king slot
suara88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://suara88.biz/
sumo7777 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://sumo7777.com/
supermoney888 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://supermoney888.biz/
teratai88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://teratai88.biz/
thor88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://thor88.biz/
togelhk88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://togelhk88.net/
topjitu88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://topjitu88.net/
totosloto88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://totosloto88.com/
trisula888 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://trisula888.biz/
udangbet88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://udangbet88.net/
via88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://via88.biz/
virusjp88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://virusjp88.net/
warga888 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://warga888.biz/
waw88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://waw88.biz/
winjitu88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://winjitu88.net/
wisdom88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://wisdom88.biz/
wnitogel88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://wnitogel88.com/
yoyo888 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://yoyo888.biz/
validtoto88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://validtoto88.com/
sule999 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://sule999.com/
sule88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://sule88.org/
ss888bet permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://ss888bet.com/
sia77 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://sia77.info/
seluang88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://seluang88.com/
satu88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://satu88.biz/
satu777 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://satu777.asia/
rp88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://rp88.biz/
rp88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://rp88.asia/
rp88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://rp77.live/
qiuqiu88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://qiuqiu88.biz/
pt88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pt88.org/
pt77 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pt77.info/
produk88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://produk88.asia/
mt88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://mt88.org/
mt77 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://mt77.biz/
menang66 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://menang66.biz/
latobet888 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://latobet888.org/
kedai96 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kedai96.org/
kedai188 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kedai188.biz/
ids88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://ids88.biz/
hp88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://hp88.org/
hp77 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://hp77.org/
gm88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://gm88.asia/
gm77 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://gm77.net/
final888 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://final888.org/
duit88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://duit88.asia/
duit168 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://duit168.biz/
divisi88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://divisi88.org/
dewi500 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://dewi500.biz/
devil88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://devil88.info/
cuputoto88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://cuputoto88.com/
cukongbet88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://cukongbet88.asia/
bom888 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://bom888.biz/
bintaro888 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://bintaro888.info/
askasino88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://askasino88.org/
999aset permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://999aset.com/
afb77 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://afb77.biz/
aset99 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://aset99.biz/
bendera77 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://bendera77.biz/
bendera888 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://bendera888.com/
coco88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://coco88.org/
cuma77 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://cuma77.biz/
cuma88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://cuma88.org/
dwv88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://dwv88.org/
fafajp88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://fafajp88.com/
gemar88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://gemar88.biz/
gocap88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://gocap88.info/
gocaptoto permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://gocaptoto.asia/
hakabet88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://hakabet88.com/
hwtoto88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://hwtoto88.org/
ina77 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://ina77.biz/
ina88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://ina88.info/
jingga8888 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://jingga8888.com/
juragan777 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://juragan777.asia/
kastil77 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kastil77.info/
kebo888 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kebo888.biz/
kkwin77 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kkwin77.com/
kokoslot88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kokoslot88.asia/
luckydf88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://luckydf88.org/
microstar888 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://microstar888.biz/
monperatoto88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://monperatoto88.com/
mpo1122 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://mpo1122.biz/
mpo122 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://mpo122.biz/
mpopelangi88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://mpopelangi88.com/
pamanslot88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pamanslot88.biz/
panel88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://panel88.org/
paragon77 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://paragon77.biz/
paragon888 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://paragon888.info/
pion77 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://pion77.biz/
prada88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://prada88.asia/
prada888 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://prada888.com/
qqslot88slot permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://qqslot88slot.com/
rejekibet88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://rejekibet88.com/
rezekibet88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://rezekibet88.org/
sensa77 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://sensa77.biz/
sensa888 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://sensa888.biz/
singajp88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://singajp88.com/
sr77 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://sr77.org/
sr88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://sr88.org/
surya77 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://surya77.biz/
surya88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://surya88.asia/
tajir77 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://tajir77.info/
tajir88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://tajir88.biz/
toto122 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://toto122.com/
toto123 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://toto123.biz/
uangvip88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://uangvip88.com/
wajik77 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://wajik77.asia/
777neko permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://777neko.org/
88judi permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://88judi.net/
99judi permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://99judi.org/
abcslot88 permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://abcslot88.asia/
slot demo gacor permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kdwapp.com/
akun demo slot gacor permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kdwapp.com/
akun slot demo gacor permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kdwapp.com/
akun demo slot pragmatic permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kdwapp.com/
akun slot demo pragmatic permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kdwapp.com/
akun slot demo permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kdwapp.com/
akun demo slot permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://kdwapp.com/
slot demo gacor
akun demo slot gacor
akun slot demo gacor
akun demo slot pragmatic
akun slot demo pragmatic
akun slot demo
akun demo slot
slot demo gacor permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://jebswagstore.com
akun demo slot gacor permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://jebswagstore.com
akun slot demo gacor permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://jebswagstore.com
akun demo slot pragmatic permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://jebswagstore.com
akun slot demo pragmatic permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://jebswagstore.com
akun slot demo permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://jebswagstore.com
akun demo slot permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://jebswagstore.com
slot demo gacor
akun demo slot gacor
akun slot demo gacor
akun demo slot pragmatic
akun slot demo pragmatic
akun slot demo
akun demo slot
slot demo gacor permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://demoslotgacor.pro
akun demo slot gacor permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://demoslotgacor.pro
akun slot demo gacor permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://demoslotgacor.pro
akun demo slot pragmatic permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://demoslotgacor.pro
akun slot demo pragmatic permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://demoslotgacor.pro
akun slot demo permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://demoslotgacor.pro
akun demo slot permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://demoslotgacor.pro
slot demo gacor
akun demo slot gacor
akun slot demo gacor
akun demo slot pragmatic
akun slot demo pragmatic
akun slot demo
akun demo slot
slot demo gacor permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://situsslotterbaru.net
akun demo slot gacor permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://situsslotterbaru.net
akun slot demo gacor permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://situsslotterbaru.net
akun demo slot pragmatic permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://situsslotterbaru.net
akun slot demo pragmatic permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://situsslotterbaru.net
akun slot demo permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://situsslotterbaru.net
akun demo slot permainan paling top dan garansi imbal balik hasil besar bersama https://situsslotterbaru.net
slot demo gacor
akun demo slot gacor
akun slot demo gacor
akun demo slot pragmatic
akun slot demo pragmatic
akun slot demo
akun demo slot
situs slot terbaru
slot terbaru
